Which of the following statements is false concerning Vroom's expectancy theory?

(a)

It is based on self-interest where each employee seeks to maximize personal satisfaction

(b)

Managers’ must understand which rewards employees will positively value

(c)

The employee must see the connection between performance and rewards

(d)

The theory is concerned with reality, not perceptions

(e)

There are two crucial linkages among effort-performance-reward in the theory.